https://rutube.ru/video/42f29f51e27961541f1198d91b8f8f14/?r=a/

The Norman Conquest was the last and most successful invasion in Britain. In 1066 the French-speaking Normans headed by Duke William III of Normandy (William the Conqueror) invaded England from France.

The battle was fought near Hastings on the south coast of England and is known as the battle of Hastings. The Normans defeated the English and French became the language of government.

But it all began with the death of Edward the Confessor, the king of England. (He was a holy man, and in 1161 the Pope made him a saint giving him the title of "Confessor").

Long ago Edward had promised the throne to his closest relative Duke William of Normandy. But the problem was that Anglo-Saxon didn't wish to be ruled by the Normans and preffered to put a Saxon king - Edward's brother- in- law Harold Goldwin, a Saxon king who who had claimed the English crown for himself. It was he who was Edward's last nominated heir.

Harold was coronated at We ... Читать дальше »

Liars

Answer the questions:

1. Why do people lie?

Keys:

People lie about why they are late for work.

People often lie about their age (getting into a night club, women, etc.)

People lie about their qualifications to get a job.

People lie about other people.

People lie friends about their new clothes, hair style and makeup.

People lie to a member of your family about a present they didn't like.

2. Can we spot a liar because of his/her body language?

Keys:

They stumble over their words.

They are fidgeting and nervous.

Their palms are sweaty.

They seem to be smiling, but there is tension around their lips and nose.

Their eyes are not smiling. They look straight in the eyes and seem to be 100% sincere, but the tone of their voice drops and the rhythm of their speech slows down.

3. What are the examples of favourite lies ... Читать дальше »

Complex sentence.

The complex sentence is a polypredicative construction built up on the principle of subordination.

It is derived from two or more sentences one of which performs the role of a matrix in relation to the others, the insert sentences. The matrix function of the corresponding base sentence may be more rigorously and less rigorously pronounced, depending on the type of subordinative connection realized.

When joined into one complex sentence, the matrix base sentence becomes the principle clause of it and the insert sentences, its subordinate clauses.

The subordinate clause is joined to the principle clause either by a subordinative connector (subordinator), or, with some types of clauses, asyndetically. The functional character of the subordinative connector is so explicit that even in traditional grammatical descriptions of complex sentences this connector was approached as a transformer of independent sentence into a subordinate clause. ... Читать дальше »

https://ridero.ru/books/widget/ledyanoe_dykhanie_rivery_1/

Читайте увлекательный детектив!

Видео курс английского языка. "Future career".

https://rutube.ru/video/7b8d3b17ba6ec70e1ca3f41eea8a35b9/?r=a

https://rutube.ru/video/0b42c912596bdd507161e4c32e468f68/?r=a/

Видео курс английского языка. "Путешествие"

https://ridero.ru/books/widget/posobie_po_podgotovke_k_ege_angliiskii_yazyk/

ПОСОБИЕ ПО ПОДГОТОВКЕ К ЕГЭ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ.

УСТНАЯ РЕЧЬ.

https://rutube.ru/video/aa3d22c297ce9a425c6d47ee32a596f5/?r=a/

Видео курс английского языка.

Диалог "Nature pollution".

Читайте и используйте в работе пособие по английскому языку 

"Открытые уроки и внеклассные мероприятия. Английский язык"

https://ridero.ru/books/widget/angliiskii_yazyk_otkrytye_uroki_i_vneklassnye_meropriyatiya/

London is a very old city even by European standards. The Roman conquerors of Britain founded Londinium (London) in 43 AD by settling and fortifying two small hills on the river Thames. More than a thousand years later, another conqueror turned the city into capital. This was William of Normandy, who defeated the last Saxon ruler of England in 1066.

For a start, William the Conqueror completed and had himself crowned in Westminster Abbey. Every British monarch had been crowned there since, right up to Queen Elizabeth II.

William did more than transform London into royal capital. He and his nobles and their countrymen who came later imposed their Norman French on the country's original Anglo -Saxon language and thus created English as it is spoken today.

Both the richness and the maddening lack of maddening logic of present - day English are the direct result of this transplant.

The Normans weren't exactly gentle rulers, but th ... Читать дальше »

By the end of the 8th century the British Isles were subjected to one more invasion of non - Christian people from Scandinavia - the Vikings.In Britain they were also known as Danes or Norsemen.

The Vikings came from Norway and Denmark

( Scandinavia) and settled in the Scottish Islands and in some areas of Eastern England making the town of York the capital of their kingdom.

They were daring masters of the sea. Their swift wooden longships, equipped with both sails and oars, enabled them to undertake practical raids on the coastal monasteries and settlements of the British Isles, western Europe and beyond.

The word 'Viking' probably means 'sea pirate' or 'people of the sea inlets'.

The Vikings were known as very violent and cruel warriors but they were also noted by their skill in constructing ships and as good sailors.

The Vikings are broadly viewed as pagan plunderers, but they were quick to adopt Christianity ... Читать дальше »

AMELIORATION​​​​​

Changes depending on the social attitude to the object, connected with social evaluation and emotional tone, are called amelioration.

Examples of amelioration are Old English cwen - 'a woman' > Modern English queen, OE cniht 'a young servant '> ME knight. 

The meaning of some adjectives is associated with aristocratic life or town life. Example: 

civil, chivalrous, urban.​​​​​​

The word gentle ​had already acquired an evolution of approval by the time it was borrowed into English from French in the meaning 'well-born'. Later its meaning included those characteristics that the high-born considered appropriate to their social status: good breeding, gracious behaviour, affability. Hence the noun 'gentleman', a kind of key-word in the history of English ... Читать дальше »

ALL IS NOT GOLD THАT GLITTERS.

НЕ ВСЕ ТО ЗОЛОТО, ЧТО БЛЕСТИТ

EXPLANATION.

There are some things in our life which attract us. They seem to be glittering like gold. But eventually they are nothing.

Task 1.

Answer the questions:

1) What Russian proverb is very close to this one?

2) Do you like to glitter?

3) Do you prefer to be modest or glamorous?

4) You would like to be one of the world of glamour, wouldn't you?

5) Who is an ideal for you?

Task 2. 

Put the words in the right order to make a sentence:

1) not, well-dressed, are, always, people, clever.

2) you, met, are, clothes, by, but, seen, off, mind, by

3) is, for, gold, you, what

Task ... Читать дальше »

The Angles, Saxons and Jutes were pagans (they believed in many gods.) They were the first who named the days of week after their Germanic Gods. Their gods were: Tu, or Tuesco - the god of darkness, Woden - the god of War, Thor - the Thunder, and Freia - the goddess of Prosperity.

Thus, Tuesday was the day of God Tuesco, Wednesday - Woden's day, Thursday - Thor's day, Friday - Freia's day, Saturday - Saturn's day (Saturn was the name of a god worshipped by the ancient Romans), Sunday was the day of the sun, Monday - the day of the moon.

The Anglo -Saxon period lasted for 600 years, from 410 to 1066. Most of the information we have about Anglo-Saxons come from the Anglo -Saxon Chronicle, an early year - by - year history of England written in Old English. It ends in the12th century, and mostly covers account of all the major events of the time. Among other things it describes the rise and fall of the bishops and kings and the important battles of the p ... Читать дальше »

In the 5th century the Britons were attacked by Germanic tribes, the Angels, the Saxons and Jutes, who began arriving in Britain in great numbers.   

The Angels and Saxons ( Anglo - Saxons) raided Britain from what is  now northern Germany , Denmark and the Netherlands (Holland) occupying much of the south and east of the country (including some parts of southern Scotland).

According to the writings of Venerable Bede, an English monk and historian, babaric Teutonic tribes of Angels, Saxons and Jutes were making raids against the Romano-British throughout the fifth and sixth centuries. The British Celts tried to resist the Germanic tribes, and that was a period of  half-legendary King Arthur and his knights of Round Table who defended Christianity against the heathen Saxons.

To be continued 

"History is the version of past events that people have decided to agree upon" 

(Napoleon Bonaparte, 1769 - 1821)

In AD 43 the Celts tribes were conquered by the Romans. The Roman Emperor Claudius invaded Britain and made it a Roman province. So, from AD 43 to about AD 409 today's England and Wales were parts of the Roman Empire.

After the Conquest the Romans led a semi-detached life without mingling with the Britons at all. They fortified the country building a lot of military fortresses, towns, roads and many storeyed houses.

Many of the Roman towns were at first army camps, later the Latin word for camp, castra, stuck and became the ending of many town names to this day: Lancaster, Winchester, Chester and many others. 

The Roman culture was established across the southern half of Britain, making important contribution to the Celtic life. The Romans transformed London into an important trading centre in northern Europ ... Читать дальше »

https://rutube.ru/video/29e25b4815d539f2ebd7dd6c7fc22415/

Диалог по теме "Еда". 

Смотрите на Rutube!

https://rutube.ru/video/e30857d434615a6еме 9fc348258cf312edf/

The Celts.

Around 700 BC, another group of people began to arrive. Many of them were tall, and had fair or red hair and blue eyes. These were the Celts, who probably came from central Europe or further east, from southern Russia. The Celts were technically advanced. They knew how to work with iron and could make better weapons than the people who used bronze. It is possible that they drove many of the older inhabitants westward into Wales, Ireland and Scotland. The Celts continued to arrive in one wave after another over the next seven hundreds years.

The Celts are important in British history because they are the ancestors of many of the people of Highland Scotland, Wales, Ireland, and Cornwall today. Celtic languages are still spoken.

The Celtic tribes were ruled by a warrior class, of which the priests, or Druids, were important members. The Druids could not read or write, but they memorized all the religious teachings, the tribal laws, history, medicine a ... Читать дальше »

After 2400 BC new groups of people arrived in southeast Britain from Europe. They were round -headed and strongly built, taller than Neolithic Britons. We don't know if they invaded by armed force, or if they were invited by Neolithic Britons because of their military or metal- working skills. Their arrival is marked by first individual graves, furnished with pottery beakers, from which these people get their name: the 'Beaker' people.

The Beaker people brought with them from Europe a new cereal, barley, which could grow practically anywhere. They brought skills to make bronze tools and these began to replace stone ones.

* beaker кубок

* beaker people  народ колоковидных кубков

* barley  ячмень 

To be continued.

After 2400 BC new groups of people arrived in southeast Britain from Europe. They were round -headed and strongly built, taller than Neolithic Britons. We don't know if they invaded by armed force, or if they were invited by Neolithic Britons because of their military or metal- working skills. Their arrival is marked by first individual graves, furnished with pottery beakers, from which these people get their name: the 'Beaker' people.

The Beaker people brought with them from Europe a new cereal, barley, which could grow practically anywhere. They brought skills to make bronze tools and these began to replace stone ones.

* beaker кубок

* beaker people  народ колоковидных кубков

* barley  ячмень 

Britain hasn't always been an island. It became an island after the end of the last Ice Age. The temperature rose and the ice cap melted, flooding the lower lying land that is now under the North Sea and the English Channel.

Around 10,000 BC Britain was peopled by small groups of hunters, gatherers and fishers. By 5000 BC Britain has finally become an island, and had also become heavily forested.

About 3000 BC Neolithic ( or New Stone Age) people  crossed the narrow sea from Europe in small boats covered with animal skins. These people kept animals and grew corn crops and knew how to make pottery.

They probably came from either the Iberian (Spanish) peninsula or even the North -African coast. They settled in western parts of Britain and Ireland, from Cornwall at the southwest end of Britain all the way to the far north.

They were small, dark, and long-headed people, and may be the forefathers of dark-haired inhabitants of Wales and Cornwall t ... Читать дальше »

Предлагаю вашему вниманию свою новую книгу, пособие для учителей и всех интересующихся английским языком "  Английский язык. Открытые уроки и внеклассные мероприятия".

Кузнецова Л.М.

https://ridero.ru/my/book/view/67c69ad0575dd7dd2f537a16

Reliable evidence of the period is extremely scarce. The story of the invasion is told by Bede (673-735),  monastic scholar who wrote the first history of England, HISTORIA ECCLESIASTICA GENTIS ANGLORUM.

According to Bede the invaders came to Britain in A.D. 449 under the leadership of two Germanic kings, Hengist and Horsa; they had been invited by a British king, Vortigern, as assistants and allies in a local war. The newcomers soon dispossessed their hosts, and other Germanic bands followed. The invaders came in multitude, in families and clans, to settle in the occupied territories; like the Celts before them, they migrated as a people and in that the Germanic invasion wad different from the Roman military conquest, although it was by no means a peaceful affair.

To quote Bede, "the newcomers were of the three strongest races of Germany, the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes". Modern archeological and linguistic research has shown that this informatio ... Читать дальше »

These regular deliveries developments are in some cases combined with occasional jocular or accidental distortions. The National Economic Development Council is facetiously termed Neddy. Elementary education is colloquially reffered to as the three R's - reading, (w)riting and 'rithmetic. The two well - known Americanisms jeep and okay may be mentioned in this connection. Jeep meaning 'a small military motor vehicle'  comes from g.p. ( the initials of general purpose). Okay, OK may be an illiterate misinterpretation of the initials in all correct.

Abbreviations can receive the plural and Possessive case inflections: P.O.W.'s (from prisoner of war), also the verb paradigm: okeys, okeyed, okaying.

E.g. A hotel's no life for you... Why don't you come and P.G. with me? ( A.Wilson) Here P.G. Here P.G. is an abbreviation for paying guest.

Like all nouns they can be used attributively: BBC television, TV programme, UN vote.

A ... Читать дальше »

https://rutube.ru/video/ca326624d2ba3d2adde4c0cfe9efc9ac/

Корона Британской империи, английский язык

https://rutube.ru/video/8e6a02ac9b7fdd7392efd6416ff948dd/

Корона Британской Империи на русском языке

.https://rutube.ru/video/fb8a5dbf5100cf6ca0553226668adadf/

A specific type of abbreviation having no parallel in Russian is represented by Latin abbreviations which sometimes are not read as Latin words but substituted by their English equivalents.

Some of them are:

ad lib (Latin ad libitum) - at pleasure;

a.m. (Latin ante meridiem) - in the morning;

c.f. (Lat conferre) - compare;

cp. (Latin comparare) - compare;

e.g. (Lat exempli gratia) - for example;

loc.cit. (Lat locus citato) - in the passage cited;

ob. (Lat obiit) - he (she) died;

p.m. (Lat post meridiem) - in the afternoon;

Actual letters are also read in the following cases:

a.m.['ei 'em], e.g., i.e., p.m.

An interesting feature of present - day English is the use of initial abbreviations for famous persons' names and surnames. Thus, George Bernard Shaw is often alluded to as G.B.S., Herbert George Wells as H.G.  E.g.: " Oh, yes...where was I?"  " With ... Читать дальше »

Other examples of initial abbreviations with the alphabetical reading retained are: S.O.S ['es 'ou 'es] - Save Our Souls, a wireless code - code signal of extreme distress, also figuratively, any despairing cry for help; T.V or TV ['ti: 'vi:] - television.

The term a b b r e v i a t i o n may be also used for a shortened form of a written word or phrase used in a text in place of the whole for economy of space and effort. Abbreviation is achieved by omission of letters from one or more parts of the whole, as for instance, abbr for abbreviation, bldg for building, govt for government, wd for word, doz or dz for dozen, ltd for limited, B.A. for Bachelor ofArts, N.Y. for New York State. Sometimes the part or parts retained show some alteration, thus oz denotes ounce and Xmas denotes Christmas. Doubling of initial letters show plural forms as for instance pp/p.p. for pages, ll for lines or cc for chapters. These are in fact not separate words but only graphic ... Читать дальше »

If the abbreviated written form lends itself to be read as though it were an ordinary English word and sounds like an English word, it will be read like one. The worsds thus formed are called acronyms (from Gr acros- 'end' + onym 'name). This way of forming new words is becoming more and more popular in almost all fields of human activity, and especially in political and technical vocabulary: U.N.O., also UNO - United Nations Organisation, SALT - Strategic Arms Limitation Talks. The last example shows that acronyms are often homonymous to ordinary words; sometimes intentionally chosen so as to create certain associations. Thus, for example, the National Organization for Women is called NOW.

Typical of acronymic coinages in technical terminology are JATO, laser, maser and radar.

JATO, for example, means jet-assisted take off.

We shall mention an example from computer terminology - the rather ironic GIGO for garba ... Читать дальше »

Semantically, according to the source of sound, onomotopoeic words fall into a very few definite groups. Many verbs denote sounds produced by human beings in the process of communication or in expressing their feelings:

babble  бормотать 

chatter болтать

giggle   хихикать 

grunt     ворчать

grumble жаловаться

murmur шептать

mutter брюзжать

titter      хихикать 

whine     хныкать

whisper  шептать

Then there are sounds produced by animals, birds and insects.

Eg.

buzz           жужжать

cackle        кудахтать

croak          квакать

hiss             свистеть

honk           хрюкать

howl        &n ... Читать дальше »

Sound imitation or onomotopoeic words are echoes of natural sounds (lullaby, twang, whiz).

Sound imitation (onomotopoeia or echoism) is the naming of an action or thing by a more or less reproduction of a sound associated with it.

For instance, words naming sounds and movement of water:

babble     журчать 

blob          брызгать 

bubble       булькать 

flush            литься 

gurgle          булькать 

gush             литься потоком 

splash          расплескаться

The majority of onomotopoeic words serve to name sounds or movements. Most of them are verbs easily turned into nouns: bang, boom, bump, hum, rustle, smack, thud, etc.

Sound - imitating words form a considerable part of interjections: ... Читать дальше »

The idiom was

STEAL THE SHOW

Hello, friends! I hope you read the idioms of the day of my site.

I offer you a story illustrating one of these idioms. 

Guess what idiom it is.

One day one of the planets, Venus, decided to find out which of planets and stars is the most beautiful and attractive. She had sent invitations to the ball which had to take place on a huge field.

Among the guests were the Jupiter, the Neptune, the Saturn, the Mars, the Pluto, the Uranus, the Earth, the Moon and the Sun.

Almost all the guests arrived in time. They were wearing beautiful clothes of space designers.

There were other stars and starlets among the guests.They had to choose the brightest person of the party. Soon the voting came to an end and one of the oldest stars was going to inform the spectators about the results of the voting.

But suddenly something went wrong.

At first all the guests blinded with the brightest light. They could hardly see. ... Читать дальше »

ALL ARE NOT SAINTS THAT GO TO CHURCH.

KEYS.

TASK 2.

1)  SOME PEOPLE WHO GO TO CHURCH THINK THAT THEY ARE SAINTS.

2) MANY PEOPLE GO TO CHURCH BECAUSE THEY BELIEVE IN GOD.

3) ALL ARE NOT SAINTS THAT GO TO CHURCH.

TASK 3.

An old woman went to church very often. She thought herself saint. Winter came, there were many homeless cats in the streets. Many people tried to help them and brought some food. The old woman kicked the cats, poured boiling water on them and drove them. Some time had passed and she had a brain attack. But she went on treating cats badly. 

It's clear that all are not saints that go to church.

ALL ARE NOT SAINTS THAT GO TO CHURCH.

НЕ ВСЯК ПРАВЕДНИК, КТО ХОДИТ В ЦЕРКОВЬ.

EXPLANATION.

Not all people who visit the church are saint and kind. Some of them are not. They just want to ask God for money and high ranks.

But most of honest and God loving people go to church or don't go but believe in God.

The most important belief is in your heart.

ASSIGNMENTS.

TASK 1. Answer the questions.

1) Do you go to church?

2) Why do you go there?

3) Some people go to church to ask for money and high ranks, don't they?

4) Do you go to church because you want to ask God for something?

5) When do you usually go to church?

Task 2.

Put the words in the right order to make a sentence:

1) some, who, people, go, church, to, think, they, that, are, saints.

2) many, believe, because, God, people, in, church, they,  to, go.

3) all, church, go, that, not, s ... Читать дальше »

Until the cows come home.

Целую вечность

For a very long time.

You can argue until the cows come home, but I' ll never agree.

The group of b a h u v r i h i compound nouns is not very numerous. The term b a h u v r i h i is borrowed from the grammarians of ancient India. It' literal meaning is ' much- riced '. It is used to designate possessive exocentric formations in which a person, animal or thing are metonymically named after some striking feature they possess, chiefly a striking feature in their appearance. This feature is in its turn expressed by the sum of meanings of compound 's immediate constituents. The formula of the b a h u v r i h i compound nouns is adjective stem + noun stem.

The following extract will illustrate the way b a h u v r i h i compounds may be coined:

I got discouraged with sitting all day in the backroom of a police station... ... with six assorted women and a man with a wooden leg. At the end of a week, we all knew each other 's life histories, including that of the woodenle ... Читать дальше »

The Roman occupation of Britain lasted nearly 400 years; it came to an end in the early 5th c. In A.D. 410, the Roman troops were officially withdrawn to Rome by Constantine.This temporary withdrawal turned out to be final, for the Empire was breaking up due to internal and external causes, - particularly the attacks of barbarian tribes ( including the Teutons ) and the growth of independent kingdoms on former Roman territories.

After the departure of the Roman legions the richest and most civilised part of the island, the south- east, was laid waste. Many towns were destroyed. Constant feuds among local landlords as well as the increased assaults of the Celts from the North and also the first Germanic raids from beyond the North Sea proved ruinous to the civilisation of Roman Britain.

To be continued.

In the first century B.C. Gaul was conquered by the Romans. Having occupied Gaul Julius Caesar made two raids on Britain, in 55 and 54 B.C. Caesar attacked Britain for economic reasons - to obtain tin, pearls and corn, - and also for strategic reasons, since rebels and refugees from Gaul found support among their kinsmen. Although Caesar failed to subjugate Britain, Roman economic penetration to Britain grew; traders and colonists from Rome came in large numbers to settle in the south - eastern towns. In A.D. 43 Britain was again invaded by Roman legions under emperor Claudius, and towards the end of the century was made a province of the Roman Empire.

The province was carefully guarded and heavily garrisoned: about 40,000 men were stationed there. Two fortified walls ran across the country, a network of paved Roman roads connected the towns and military camps. Scores of towns with a mixed population grew along the Roman roads - inhabited by Roman legionaries and civilians a ... Читать дальше »

The history of the English language begins with the invasion of the British Isles by Germanic tribes in the 5th century of our era.

Prior to the Germanic invasion the British Isles must have been inhabited for at least fifty thousand years. The earliest inhabitants whose linguistic affiliation has been established are the Celts. The Celts came to Britain in three waves and preceded the Teutons.

Traces of Celtic civilisation are still found all over the Europe. Celtic languages were spoken over extensive parts of Europe before our era. The Gaelic branch has survived as Irish in Ireland, has expanded to Scotland as Scotch -Gaelic of the Highlands and is still spoken by a few hundred people on the Isle of Man 

(the Manx language).

The Brittonic branch is represented by Kymric or Welsh in modern Wales and by Breton or Armorican spoken by over a million people in modern France ( in the area called Bretagne or Brittany, where the Celts came as emigrant ... Читать дальше »

MONEY HAS NO SMELL.

ДЕНЬГИ НЕ ПАХНУТ.

Explanation : Some people are rich because they have earned their money in a dishonest way but they think money has no smell. They don't care about the way they got it.

ASSIGNMENTS:

TASK 1.

Answer the questions.

1) Do you agree with the proverb?

2) Money has no smell, does it?

3) Would you prefer money earned in an honest or dishonest way?

4) What kind of people can say these words about themselves?

5) Do you respect rich people who made money dishonestly?

TASK 2.

Put the words in the right order to make a sentence. ... Читать дальше »

Политическая система СК. 

Упражнение для открытого урока.

Задание . Угадать короля или королеву Англии , которые были упомянуты.

Guess, what English Queens or Kings are mentioned.

Pupil 1:

On the death of Edward the Confessor in 1066, I claimed the English throne. I led the invasion and defeated the English at the battle of Hastings. I crushed Saxon resistance and gave most of the land to my Norman followers. My reign marked the complete establishment of feudalism in England. Everybody knows me as a Conqueror.

(William the Conqueror)

Pupil 2:

I'm the  youngest son of Henry the Second. I came to the throne in 1199. I have lost almost all English possessions in France. So my nickname is Lackland. In England after the revolt of the barons I had to sign Magna Carta in 1215.

(King John)

Pupil 3:

I'm a daughter of Henry the 8th and Ann Boleyn. I confronted Catholic church, I defeated ... Читать дальше »

GENDER

As a result of the double oppositional correlation, a specific system of three genders arises, which is represented by: the neuter (non-person gender), the masculine (masculine person) gender, the feminine (feminine person) gender.

The strong member of the upper opposition is the human subclass of nouns, it's sememic mark being "person", or "personality". The weak member of the opposition comprises both inanimate and animate non-person nouns. Here belongs such nouns as TREE, MOUNTAIN, LOVE, etc.; CAT, SWALLOW, ANT, etc.; SOCIETY, CROWD, ASSOCIATION,etc.; BULL and COW, COCK and HEN, HORSE and MARE, etc.

In cases of oppositional reduction, non-person nouns and their substitute (it) are naturally used in the position of neutralization.

E. g. :

Suddenly something moved in the darkness ahead of us.

Could ... Читать дальше »

NOUN: GENDER 

A.I.Smirnitsky devoted ten pages of his "Morphology of English" to proving the non-existence of gender in English either in the grammatical, or even in the strictly lexico -grammatical sense.

That the gender division of nouns in English is expressed not as variable forms of words, but as nounal classification (which is not different from the expression of substantive gender in other languages, including Russian), admits of no argument.

The category of gender is expressed in English by the obligatory correlation of nouns with the personal pronouns of the third person.

The category of gender is strictly oppositional. It is formed by two opposition s  related to each other on a hierarchical basis.

One opposition functions in the whole set of nouns, dividing them into person (human) nouns and non-person ( non-human) nouns. 

The other opposition functions in the subset of person nouns only, dividing th ... Читать дальше »

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Discussion of the previous situation.

(Younger sister).

What do other people think about it?

Tim.

Paula, I suppose your parents are making a mistake. They devote all their time to one of the daughters. But they don't want or can't pay attention to the other daughter. The abandoned girl can find a bad company. She can start taking forbidden drugs and be involved in drug addiction. Then her parents will understand their mistake but it will be too late. She will always need money for drugs and steal her own family. She may hate her younger sister and do her harm. Many horrible things can happen if parents see only one child and ignore another one. So my advice to these parents is to share their love and care among two daughters if they don't want to lose peace and love in their family.

AND WHAT ... Читать дальше »

Situation.

You have got a family, a father, a mother and a younger sister. Your parents pay much attention to your younger sister and sometimes forget about you. What do you think about it?

A sample answer.

My name is Paula. I have got a family. My family consists of four, my mother and father, my younger sister and me. I'm twelve and my sister is ten. My parents pay much attention to my sister, Fiona. Fiona is young, but she is a singer. She often takes part in different music competitions and festivals. My parents always accompany her to theatres and clubs where she performs. They go shopping with her, visit stylists and other beauty specialists. And what about me? They just forget about me. The only question they ask me is about school. How are things at school? I say, "Fine", even if it is not so. They will not address my ... Читать дальше »