Other examples of initial abbreviations with the alphabetical reading retained are: S.O.S ['es 'ou 'es] - Save Our Souls, a wireless code - code signal of extreme distress, also figuratively, any despairing cry for help; T.V or TV ['ti: 'vi:] - television.

The term a b b r e v i a t i o n may be also used for a shortened form of a written word or phrase used in a text in place of the whole for economy of space and effort. Abbreviation is achieved by omission of letters from one or more parts of the whole, as for instance, abbr for abbreviation, bldg for building, govt for government, wd for word, doz or dz for dozen, ltd for limited, B.A. for Bachelor ofArts, N.Y. for New York State. Sometimes the part or parts retained show some alteration, thus oz denotes ounce and Xmas denotes Christmas. Doubling of initial letters show plural forms as for instance pp/p.p. for pages, ll for lines or cc for chapters. These are in fact not separate words but only graphic signs or symbols representing them. Consequently no orthoepic correlation exists in such cases and the unabbreviated word is pronounced: ll [lainz], pp [peidziz].

To be continued.